Greg Schivley

Climate change is expected to increase the severity of hurricanes and tropical storms, posing significant risks to the electricity grid. These include downed power lines, damaged solar panels, and impaired wind turbines from high winds. New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ) are not spared from these vulnerabilities and must strengthen their infrastructure and mitigate social and technical impacts. Clean energy mandates, such as NJ’s Executive Orders No. 315 and 307 (100% clean energy by 2035 and 11 GW of offshore wind by 2040), and NY’s Executive Order No. 166 (40% emissions reduction by 2030), add urgency to ensuring grid resilience under extreme weather. This study demonstrates the Power System Cyclone Impact Model (PCIM), used alongside the GenX electricity system planning tool, to assess grid resilience under hurricane-induced high wind speeds in the NY and NJ region. Results reveal that onshore and offshore wind could contribute additional power during storms, provided transmission and storage systems remain operational. This output helps offset outages elsewhere in the grid across all storm categories. In contrast, solar emerges as a vulnerability due to combined impacts from wind stress and cloud cover, significantly reducing generation during and after storms. Thermal generators show the lowest failure rates, though this may partly reflect current model limitations, as only wind stress and cloud cover are considered, excluding hazards like flooding. Non-served energy costs vary with electricity demand and fluctuations in wind and solar output. July stands out as the most vulnerable month, due to high demand and limited wind generation, leading to higher NSE. This research provides a first step toward understanding storm-related grid resilience in NJ and NY. The PCIM model is designed to be generalizable, with future work focused on expanding its scope to include additional hazards like storm surge and flooding, and more storm-prone regions.  

This study performs a detailed intercomparison of four open-source electricity capacity expansion models—Temoa, Switch, GenX, and USENSYS—to evaluate 1) how closely the results of these models align when inputs and configurations are harmonized, and 2) the degree to which varying model configurations affect outputs. We harmonize the inputs to each model using PowerGenome and use clearly defined scenarios (policy conditions) and configurations (model setup choices). This allows us to isolate how differences in model structure affect policy outcomes and investment decisions. Our framework allows each model to be tested on identical assumptions for policy, technology costs, and operational constraints, allowing us to focus on differences that arise from inherent model structures. Key findings highlight that, when harmonized, models produce very similar capacity portfolios under current policies and net-zero scenarios, with less than 1% difference in system costs for most configurations. This agreement among models allows us to focus on how configuration choices affect model results. For instance, configurations with unit commitment constraints or economic retirement yield different investments and system costs compared to simpler configurations. Our findings underscore the importance of aligning input data and transparently defining scenarios and configurations to provide robust policy insights.  

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is regarded as the most prominent piece of federal climate legislation in the U.S. thus far. This paper investigates potential impacts of IRA on the power sector, which is the focus of many core IRA provisions. We summarize a multi-model comparison of IRA to identify robust findings and variation in power sector investments, emissions, and costs across 11 models of the U.S. energy system and electricity sector. Our results project that IRA incentives accelerate the deployment of low-emitting capacity, increasing average annual additions by up to 3.2 times current levels through 2035. CO2 emissions reductions from electricity generation across models range from 47%–83% below 2005 in 2030 (68% average) and 66%–87% in 2035 (78% average). Our higher clean electricity deployment and lower emissions under IRA, compared with earlier U.S. modeling, change the baseline for future policymaking and analysis. IRA helps to bring projected U.S. power sector and economy-wide emissions closer to near-term climate targets; however, no models indicate that these targets will be met with IRA alone, which suggests that additional policies, incentives, and private sector actions are needed.  

The REPEAT Project’s revised analysis examines the climate and energy impacts of legislation passed by the 117th Congress, focusing on the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021. Updated with the latest data from 2022, the analysis includes enhanced information on methane emissions in the oil, gas, agriculture, and forestry sectors. It presents three ‘Current Policies’ scenarios—’Conservative’, ‘Mid-range’, and ‘Optimistic’—to reflect uncertainties in law effectiveness and supply chain constraints. Additionally, it compares two benchmark scenarios: a ‘Frozen Policies’ scenario based on early 2021 policies, and a ‘Net-Zero Pathway’ scenario aligning with President Biden’s climate goals. The report covers greenhouse gas emissions, clean energy, electric vehicle deployment, fossil fuel use, and their impacts on energy costs, investment, employment, air pollution, and public health. The findings, which are approximate due to uncertainties, are updated regularly and have not been peer-reviewed.